A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles, and how end free in the mesophyll." C:magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Dicotyledon Leaf

A: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of a Dicotyledon, showing the course of the vascular bundles,…

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel veins by means of slender lateral branches." D: magnified detail. -Stevens, 1916

Monocotyledon Leaf

B: "Camera-lucida drawing of a bleached leaf of... a Monocotyledon, showing the anastomosis of the parallel…

"Semi-diagrammatic cross section of a leaf showing by arrows how the water passes from the tracheal elements of a vein into the border parenchyma cells, and thence into the palisade and spongy parenchyma, from which it evaporates into the intercellular spaces and passes from the leaf through the stomata. a, upper epidermis; b, lower epidermis; c, palisade parenchyma; g, spongy parenchyma; d, border parenchyma; e, tracheal elements; and the stippled cells bellow e, the phloem cells." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Water Flow

"Semi-diagrammatic cross section of a leaf showing by arrows how the water passes from the tracheal…

"Diagram to show the path of the water as it rises to, and escapes from, the leaves." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Water Flow

"Diagram to show the path of the water as it rises to, and escapes from, the leaves." -Stevens, 1916

The cross section of the stem of hop, which carries large amounts of water.

Hop Stem Tissue

The cross section of the stem of hop, which carries large amounts of water.

The cross section of the stem of yellow poplar, which carries large amounts of water.

Yellow Poplar Stem Tissue

The cross section of the stem of yellow poplar, which carries large amounts of water.

The cross section of the stem of water cress, which carries very little water.

Water Cress Stem Tissue

The cross section of the stem of water cress, which carries very little water.

The cross section of the stem of Pisdium Galapageium, which carries very little water.

P. Galapageium Stem Tissue

The cross section of the stem of Pisdium Galapageium, which carries very little water.

"A typical stoma in cross section and surface view combined. k, guard cell; j, the gap or stoma between the guard cells; l, epidermal cell bordering a guard cell." -Stevens, 1916

Stoma

"A typical stoma in cross section and surface view combined. k, guard cell; j, the gap or stoma between…

"A, diagram showing relative position of the guard cells in cross section in the open and closed positions; the heavier line indicates the open position." -Stevens, 1916

Stoma Guard Cells

"A, diagram showing relative position of the guard cells in cross section in the open and closed positions;…

"B and C, early stages in the formation of stomata; at s, mother cells of guard cells are shown. D, s, s, two guard cells formed by the division of a mother cell." -Stevens, 1916

Stomata Formation

"B and C, early stages in the formation of stomata; at s, mother cells of guard cells are shown. D,…

"Diagram of apparatus showing how the guard cells draw apart; j, j, position of the rubber tubing when the water pressure is turned on." -Stevens, 1916

Guard Cell Experiment

"Diagram of apparatus showing how the guard cells draw apart; j, j, position of the rubber tubing when…

"A, depressed stoma of the under side of a leaf of Amherstia nobilis." -Stevens, 1916

Depressed Stoma

"A, depressed stoma of the under side of a leaf of Amherstia nobilis." -Stevens, 1916

"B, depressed stoma of Hakea suaveolens. g stands beneath the guard cells; d, outer, and e inner, cavities." -Stevens, 1916

Depressed Stoma

"B, depressed stoma of Hakea suaveolens. g stands beneath the guard cells; d, outer, and e inner, cavities."…

"Diagram suggestive of the distribution of intercellular spaces throughout a plant. The heavy horizontal lines in stem and root indicate intercellular spaces in medullary rays. The arrows indicate the entrance of gasses through the stomata of the leaves and stomata and lenticels of the roots and everywhere over the younger roots where waterproofing is slight." -Stevens, 1916

Intercellular Spaces of a Plant

"Diagram suggestive of the distribution of intercellular spaces throughout a plant. The heavy horizontal…

"A, cross section of stem of Juncus...the black lines traversing the section are really chains of cells and thin-walled cells with relatively large intercellular spaces between them fill up i." -Stevens, 1916

Juncus Stem

"A, cross section of stem of Juncus...the black lines traversing the section are really chains of cells…

"B, stem of Nymphaea, showing large intercellular spaces at i." -Stevens, 1916

Nymphaea Stem

"B, stem of Nymphaea, showing large intercellular spaces at i." -Stevens, 1916

"Cross section of a portion of the blade of a leaf, showing upper epidermis at a, lower epidermis at b, palisade parenchyma at c, spongy parenchyma at d, and tracheids from the end of a vein at e." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Epidermis

"Cross section of a portion of the blade of a leaf, showing upper epidermis at a, lower epidermis at…

"Diagrammatic representation of a single palisade cell, with chloroplasts lining the walls." -Stevens, 1916

Palisade Cell

"Diagrammatic representation of a single palisade cell, with chloroplasts lining the walls." -Stevens,…

"Starch grains from the palisade cells of a Euphorbia leaf." -Stevens, 1916

Euphorbia Palisade Cells

"Starch grains from the palisade cells of a Euphorbia leaf." -Stevens, 1916

"Diagram to show the intake of carbon dioxide by the palisade cells from the intercellular spaces, the absorption by the chloroplasts of water from the cell-sap, and the passage of food from the chloroplasts into the cell-sap." -Stevens, 1916

Palisade Cell Intake

"Diagram to show the intake of carbon dioxide by the palisade cells from the intercellular spaces, the…

"Diagram showing how the position of the chlorplasts against the vertical walls of the palisade cells exposes them to good advantage to light from all quarters of the sky." -Stevens, 1916

Plant Light Intake

"Diagram showing how the position of the chlorplasts against the vertical walls of the palisade cells…

"Diagram to show the activities going on in a palisade cell. The arrows from the chloroplasts into the cell cavity indicate movement of photosynthesized product. The thickness of the arrow shafts under "Light" indicate the relative light intensities." -Stevens, 1916

Palisade Cell

"Diagram to show the activities going on in a palisade cell. The arrows from the chloroplasts into the…

"Diagram to show the effect of different portions of the spectrum on photosynthesis. a to F, different regions of the spectrum from red to blue. A filamentous alga lies across these, and bacteria are collecting about the alga, with greatest frequency in the red between B and C, indicating the greatest evolution of oxygen there." -Stevens, 1916

Photosynthesis

"Diagram to show the effect of different portions of the spectrum on photosynthesis. a to F, different…

"Diagram to show the three general tissue regions of a leaf." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Tissues

"Diagram to show the three general tissue regions of a leaf." -Stevens, 1916

"Showing intercellular spaces: f, between the palisade cells; e, in a leaf; g, border parenchyma; h, tracheal elements of the vein." -Stevens, 1916

Intercellular Spaces of Leaf

"Showing intercellular spaces: f, between the palisade cells; e, in a leaf; g, border parenchyma; h,…

"Diagram to show the architecture of a typical leaf in the region of one of the lateral veins. The shaded parts amongst the palisade and spongy parenchyma represent intercellular spaces." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Architecture

"Diagram to show the architecture of a typical leaf in the region of one of the lateral veins. The shaded…

"Cross section through a portion of rubber leaf, showing the large percentage of water-storage tissues on both sides of the leaf, and the relation of the palisade and spongy parenchyma to the lateral veins." -Stevens, 1916

Rubber Leaf Cells

"Cross section through a portion of rubber leaf, showing the large percentage of water-storage tissues…

"Cross section of a portion of a leaf of Indian corn. a, upper and b, lower epidermis; c, c, palisade cells; n, border parenchyma containing starch within its chloroplasts; e, vascular bundle; d, d, stomata." -Stevens, 1916

Indian Corn Leaf Cells

"Cross section of a portion of a leaf of Indian corn. a, upper and b, lower epidermis; c, c, palisade…

"Cross section of a portion of leaf of Codonanthe, showing the water-storage tissue at f, and the chlorophyll-bearing tissues at e." -Stevens, 1916

Codonanthe Leaf Tissues

"Cross section of a portion of leaf of Codonanthe, showing the water-storage tissue at f, and the chlorophyll-bearing…

"A, Pleurococcus, with chloroplast at c." -Stevens, 1916

Pleurococcus Chloroplast

"A, Pleurococcus, with chloroplast at c." -Stevens, 1916

"B, cell of Spirogyra, with spiral chloroplast at c, nucleus at n, and pyrenoid at e." -Stevens, 1916

Spirogyra Chloroplast

"B, cell of Spirogyra, with spiral chloroplast at c, nucleus at n, and pyrenoid at e." -Stevens, 1916

"C, cross section of Spirogyra cell, with nucleus at n, and section of chloroplast and pyrenoid below." -Stevens, 1916

Spirogyra Chloroplast

"C, cross section of Spirogyra cell, with nucleus at n, and section of chloroplast and pyrenoid below."…

"D, cell of Oedogonium, with numerous chloroplasts." -Stevens, 1916

Oedogonium Chloroplast

"D, cell of Oedogonium, with numerous chloroplasts." -Stevens, 1916

"Cross section through the thallus of Marchantia. j, stoma leading into a relatively large air-chamber in which arise numerous cells with chloroplasts, k; l, l, cells forming partitions between the air-chambers; m, cells destitute of chloroplasts and with numerous oblong pits; h, upper, and i, lower epidermis." -Stevens, 1916

Marchantia Thallus

"Cross section through the thallus of Marchantia. j, stoma leading into a relatively large air-chamber…

"Portion of leaf of Sphagnum, in cross section on the left, and surface view on the right. h, hole through the wall; i, chlorophyll-bearing cells; j, water-storage and water-conducting cells, with annular thickenings at k." -Stevens, 1916

Sphagnum Leaf

"Portion of leaf of Sphagnum, in cross section on the left, and surface view on the right. h, hole through…

"Cross section through a portion of leaf of Polytrichum commune. b, chains of chlorophyll-bearing cells; d, bast fibers." -Stevens, 1916

P. Commune Leaf

"Cross section through a portion of leaf of Polytrichum commune. b, chains of chlorophyll-bearing cells;…

"Cross section, A, and surface view, B, of a leaf of common moss, showing chloroplasts, c." -Stevens, 1916

Moss Leaf Chloroplasts

"Cross section, A, and surface view, B, of a leaf of common moss, showing chloroplasts, c." -Stevens,…

"Diagram to show path of stored food upward through the tracheal tubes, and through the phloem portion of the bark, and showing how this passage is not prevented by girdling." -Stevens, 1916

Stored Food

"Diagram to show path of stored food upward through the tracheal tubes, and through the phloem portion…

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem parenchyma cells. m, medullary rays; n, xylem parenchyma. Camera-lucida drawing of tangential section of wood of yellow poplar." -Stevens, 1916

Yellow Poplar Wood

"Showing pitted connections between medullary rays and xylem parenchyma, and between contiguous xylem…

"Outline of tangential section of wood of oak, to show frequency of medullary rays. The section is 1 mm. square. The number of rays shown is below the average for woodyplants." -Stevens, 1916

Oak Wood

"Outline of tangential section of wood of oak, to show frequency of medullary rays. The section is 1…

"Diagram indicating the succession of the conducting tissues of a vein from the base toward the apex. a, border parenchyma; b, companion cells; c, sieve tubes; d, undivided mother cells of companion cells and sieve tubes; e, tracheal elements." -Stevens, 1916

Plant Vein

"Diagram indicating the succession of the conducting tissues of a vein from the base toward the apex.…

"Showing the effect of cutting across the veins on the removal of food from the leaf. A, all of the main veins are cut across near their bases; B, the mid-vein alone has been severed. The stippled areas indicated the starch reaction with the iodine test." -Stevens, 1916

Cut Leaf Veins

"Showing the effect of cutting across the veins on the removal of food from the leaf. A, all of the…

"Diagram illustrating the descent of food from the leaf into the stem, and its circulation upward and downward through the sieve tubes, and upward through the tracheal tissues." -Stevens, 1916

Leaf Food Circulation

"Diagram illustrating the descent of food from the leaf into the stem, and its circulation upward and…

"Diagram showing how, in Indian corn, the food from the upper and lower leaves finds its way into the ears." -Stevens, 1916

Indian Corn Food Circulation

"Diagram showing how, in Indian corn, the food from the upper and lower leaves finds its way into the…

"Diagram showing the transport of food through the sieve tubes, medullary rays and tracheal tubes, and its storage in the parenchyma cells of the wood and bark. The black bodies in the cells indicate stored food." -Stevens, 1916

Sieve Tube Food Transportation

"Diagram showing the transport of food through the sieve tubes, medullary rays and tracheal tubes, and…

"Diagram to show the relation of the food-conducting tissues of the leaf to those of the stem; and in the stem the relation of these tissues of one year to those of preceding years. The dotted line between phloem and xylem stands for the cambium. The figures at the bottom of the diagram indicate the age in years of the zones of tissues in phloem and xylem." -Stevens, 1916

Food Tissues

"Diagram to show the relation of the food-conducting tissues of the leaf to those of the stem; and in…

"Tangential section through the wood of grapevine. m, cells of medullary ray, and n, of xylem parenchyma, packed full of starch." -Stevens, 1916

Grapevine Wood

"Tangential section through the wood of grapevine. m, cells of medullary ray, and n, of xylem parenchyma,…

"Starch from different sources. A, curcuma starch; B, corn starch; C, tapioca starch; D, rice starch, showing compound grains." -Stevens, 1916

Starch

"Starch from different sources. A, curcuma starch; B, corn starch; C, tapioca starch; D, rice starch,…

"Sphaero-crystals of unilin from tuber of Dahlia variabilis. A, precipitated from an aqueous solution; B, precipitated within the cells by long standing in alcohol." -Stevens, 1916

Sphaero-Crystals

"Sphaero-crystals of unilin from tuber of Dahlia variabilis. A, precipitated from an aqueous solution;…

"Storage tissues of the cotyledon of Impatiens Balsamina. A, from the resting seed, and B, from a germinating seed. In B the amyloid thickenings of the cell-walls are partly digested away." -Stevens, 1916

I. Balsamina Storage Tissues

"Storage tissues of the cotyledon of Impatiens Balsamina. A, from the resting seed, and B, from a germinating…

"To show aleurone grains. A, cells from cotyledon of seed of garden bean; n, aleurone grains; m, starch; B, cells from endosperm of castor bean; a, aleurone grains; l, ground substance; k, crystalloid; j, globoid." -Stevens, 1916

Aleurone Grains

"To show aleurone grains. A, cells from cotyledon of seed of garden bean; n, aleurone grains; m, starch;…

"Showing concentric and eccentric striations of starch grains. e, potato starch eccentrically striated; f, compound starch grain from potato; g, bean starch concentrically striated." -Stevens, 1916

Starch Grain Striations

"Showing concentric and eccentric striations of starch grains. e, potato starch eccentrically striated;…

"Tangential section of wood of Liriodendron tulipifera, showing frequency of contact of medullary rays with a tracheal tube. f, medullary ray; g, tracheal tube." -Stevens, 1916

L. Tulipifera Wood

"Tangential section of wood of Liriodendron tulipifera, showing frequency of contact of medullary rays…

"Diagram to show food from the leaves descending through the sieve tubes and being stored in the medullary ray cells and xylem parenchyma." -Stevens, 1916

Plant Food Storage

"Diagram to show food from the leaves descending through the sieve tubes and being stored in the medullary…

"The digestion of the stored food and its ascent through the tracheal tubes when growth is resumed in the spring." -Stevens, 1916

Plant Food Digestion

"The digestion of the stored food and its ascent through the tracheal tubes when growth is resumed in…

"Enzyme-secreting cells of date cotyledon." -Stevens, 1916

Date Cotyledon

"Enzyme-secreting cells of date cotyledon." -Stevens, 1916

"Enzyme-secreting cells of...cotyledon of Indian corn." -Stevens, 1916

Indian Corn Cotyledon

"Enzyme-secreting cells of...cotyledon of Indian corn." -Stevens, 1916

"Longitudinal section through a digestive gland of Drosera rotundifolia." -Stevens, 1916

D. Rotundifolia Digestive Gland

"Longitudinal section through a digestive gland of Drosera rotundifolia." -Stevens, 1916

"Cross section of leaf of Mesembryanthemum Forskalii showing a large part of the leaf devoted to the storage of water. a, water-storage cells; b, chlorophyll-bearing cells; c, crystal of calcium oxalate." -Stevens, 1916

M. Forskalli Leaf

"Cross section of leaf of Mesembryanthemum Forskalii showing a large part of the leaf devoted to the…